Three-dimensional (3D) models refer to digital representations of objects or environments in three dimensions. These models are typically created using specialized software and can be used for a variety of purposes such as architectural visualization, virtual reality, and medical imaging. 3D models can accurately depict the size, shape, and texture of an object, providing a realistic representation of the physical world. Researchers in this area may focus on developing new methods for creating and manipulating 3D models, improving the realism and accuracy of these models, or exploring new applications for 3D modeling technology. Overall, research in 3D modeling aims to advance our understanding of the three-dimensional world and enhance our ability to interact with and manipulate digital representations of physical objects and spaces.